Human development (HDI)

The Human Development Index combines health, education and income in a number from 0 to 1. Choose a country to see where its value comes from, see how the groups have changed since 1990 and compare two countries.

The three dimensions

  1. Health A long and healthy life: life expectancy at birth (between 20 and 85 years).
  2. Education Knowledge: expected years of schooling for a child (up to 18) and mean years of schooling of adults (up to 15).
  3. Income A decent standard of living: gross national income per capita in 2021 purchasing power parity dollars (between 100 and 75,000, on a logarithmic scale).

Each dimension becomes an index from 0 to 1: where the country stands between the minimum and maximum set by the UNDP. The HDI is the geometric mean of the three indices, so a very low dimension cannot be fully made up for by the others.

Year 2023. The three dimension indices are calculated by GeoScope with the UNDP’s values and the limits in its technical notes. Source: UNDP, Human Development Report (CC BY 3.0 IGO).

How many people live in each group

  • Low below 0.550
  • Medium 0.550 to 0.699
  • High 0.700 to 0.799
  • Very high from 0.800
2023

    People: United Nations, World Population Prospects 2024. HDI: UNDP, Human Development Report. The 193 UN member states and the 2 observers are counted; in grey those without an HDI that year (more are missing in the early years).

    See the HDI on the map

    The HDI over time

    Each thin line is a state, in the colour of its group in the latest year. Hover over a line to see whose it is; a click (or a tap) selects it; the dashed line is the World, calculated by the UNDP.

    Source: UNDP, Human Development Report. The coloured background shows the four groups. With each edition the UNDP recalculates the whole series with the latest data: values may change slightly from one edition to the next.

    Same income, different development

    In the bubble chart of income per capita and HDI, more income generally means more development. But not for everyone in the same way: some countries have a higher HDI than their income would suggest, thanks to health and schooling, others a lower one. They are the bubbles above and below the others.

    Income and HDI in the bubble chart · The HDI ranking

    The states in 2023

    # Country HDI since 1990 Life expectancy Expected years of schooling Mean years of schooling Income per capita
    1 Iceland 0.972 +0.131 82.7 18.9 13.9 $69,117
    2 Norway 0.970 +0.114 83.3 18.8 13.1 $112,710
    2 Switzerland 0.970 +0.112 84.0 16.7 13.9 $81,949
    4 Denmark 0.962 +0.118 81.9 18.7 13.0 $76,008
    5 Germany 0.959 +0.125 81.4 17.3 14.3 $64,053
    5 Sweden 0.959 +0.141 83.3 19.0 12.7 $66,102
    7 Australia 0.958 +0.091 83.9 20.7 12.9 $58,277
    8 Netherlands 0.955 +0.100 82.2 18.6 12.7 $68,344
    9 Belgium 0.951 +0.127 82.1 19.0 12.7 $63,582
    10 Ireland 0.949 +0.173 82.4 19.2 11.7 $90,885
    11 Finland 0.948 +0.125 81.9 19.5 13.0 $57,068
    12 Singapore 0.946 +0.127 83.7 16.7 12.0 $111,239
    12 United Kingdom 0.946 +0.134 81.3 17.8 13.5 $54,372
    14 United Arab Emirates 0.940 +0.227 82.9 15.6 13.0 $71,142
    15 Canada 0.939 +0.074 82.6 15.9 13.9 $54,688
    16 Liechtenstein 0.938 – 83.6 15.4 12.4 $166,812
    16 New Zealand 0.938 +0.127 82.1 19.3 12.9 $47,260
    16 United States of America 0.938 +0.060 79.3 15.9 13.9 $73,650
    19 South Korea 0.937 +0.199 84.3 16.6 12.7 $49,726
    20 Slovenia 0.931 +0.197 81.6 17.5 13.0 $46,361
    21 Austria 0.930 +0.098 82.0 16.3 12.4 $63,479
    22 Japan 0.925 +0.072 84.7 15.5 12.7 $47,775
    23 Malta 0.924 +0.189 83.3 15.9 12.4 $52,155
    24 Luxembourg 0.922 +0.135 82.2 14.4 12.6 $85,461
    25 France 0.920 +0.122 83.3 16.1 11.8 $55,060
    26 Israel 0.919 +0.132 82.4 14.9 13.5 $48,050
    27 Spain 0.918 +0.152 83.7 17.8 10.8 $46,008
    28 Czech Republic 0.915 +0.162 79.8 16.8 13.0 $45,889
    28 Italy 0.915 +0.128 83.7 16.7 10.8 $52,389
    28 San Marino 0.915 – 85.7 14.6 11.4 $64,706
    31 Andorra 0.913 – 84.0 14.5 11.6 $64,631
    31 Cyprus 0.913 +0.164 81.6 16.2 12.6 $45,394
    33 Greece 0.908 +0.138 81.9 20.8 11.6 $35,761
    34 Poland 0.906 +0.184 78.6 16.7 13.2 $42,218
    35 Estonia 0.905 +0.167 79.2 16.0 13.6 $40,881
    36 Saudi Arabia 0.900 +0.230 78.7 16.9 11.6 $50,299
    37 Bahrain 0.899 +0.165 81.3 15.9 11.1 $52,819
    38 Lithuania 0.895 +0.150 76.0 16.5 13.6 $41,916
    39 Portugal 0.890 +0.183 82.4 17.5 9.7 $41,064
    40 Croatia 0.889 – 78.6 16.3 12.1 $41,380
    40 Latvia 0.889 +0.153 76.2 16.5 13.4 $37,998
    42 Qatar 0.886 +0.119 82.4 13.1 10.8 $105,353
    43 Slovakia 0.880 +0.182 78.3 14.9 13.1 $36,793
    44 Chile 0.878 +0.160 81.2 16.9 11.3 $28,047
    45 Hungary 0.870 +0.140 77.0 15.5 12.3 $37,236
    46 Argentina 0.865 +0.132 77.4 18.8 11.2 $25,876
    47 Montenegro 0.862 – 77.1 15.5 12.8 $28,026
    47 Uruguay 0.862 +0.149 78.1 17.5 10.5 $28,650
    49 Oman 0.858 – 80.0 13.4 11.9 $36,096
    50 Turkey 0.853 +0.255 77.2 19.8 9.0 $34,507
    51 Kuwait 0.852 +0.154 80.4 15.9 7.6 $56,612
    52 Antigua and Barbuda 0.851 – 77.6 15.5 11.6 $27,387
    53 Seychelles 0.848 – 72.9 18.2 11.2 $29,195
    54 Bulgaria 0.845 +0.139 75.6 15.3 11.5 $32,175
    54 Romania 0.845 +0.126 75.9 14.1 11.6 $39,374
    56 Georgia 0.844 – 74.5 16.8 12.7 $20,753
    57 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.840 – 72.1 18.4 10.8 $29,105
    58 Panama 0.839 +0.167 79.6 13.3 10.8 $34,385
    59 Brunei 0.837 +0.056 75.3 13.7 9.3 $75,827
    59 Kazakhstan 0.837 +0.148 74.4 14.0 12.5 $30,989
    61 Costa Rica 0.833 +0.156 80.8 16.3 8.8 $23,417
    61 Serbia 0.833 – 76.8 15.0 11.6 $23,115
    63 Russia 0.832 +0.070 73.2 13.2 12.4 $39,222
    64 Belarus 0.824 – 74.4 13.7 12.3 $26,725
    65 The Bahamas 0.820 +0.058 74.6 11.9 12.8 $30,975
    66 Malaysia 0.819 +0.166 76.7 12.7 11.1 $32,553
    67 North Macedonia 0.815 +0.171 77.4 14.8 10.2 $22,128
    68 Armenia 0.811 +0.148 75.7 14.4 11.3 $20,221
    68 Barbados 0.811 +0.081 76.2 16.6 9.9 $17,328
    70 Albania 0.810 +0.156 79.6 14.5 10.2 $17,627
    71 Trinidad and Tobago 0.807 +0.146 73.5 14.2 10.8 $27,000
    72 Mauritius 0.806 +0.179 74.9 14.2 10.1 $27,280
    73 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.804 – 77.9 13.2 11.0 $19,827
    74 Iran 0.799 +0.173 77.7 14.0 10.8 $16,096
    75 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.798 – 71.2 16.3 11.3 $17,247
    75 Thailand 0.798 +0.214 76.4 15.4 9.0 $20,570
    77 China 0.797 +0.306 78.0 15.5 8.0 $22,029
    78 Peru 0.794 +0.169 77.7 14.9 10.2 $14,339
    79 Grenada 0.791 – 75.2 16.6 9.4 $14,349
    80 Azerbaijan 0.789 – 74.4 12.9 11.1 $20,668
    80 Mexico 0.789 +0.121 75.1 14.5 9.3 $21,813
    82 Colombia 0.788 +0.165 77.7 14.3 9.0 $18,666
    83 Brazil 0.786 +0.145 75.8 15.8 8.4 $18,011
    83 Palau 0.786 – 69.3 14.1 13.3 $16,035
    85 Moldova 0.785 – 71.2 14.6 11.8 $15,867
    86 Ukraine 0.779 +0.029 73.4 13.3 11.1 $16,933
    87 Ecuador 0.777 +0.131 77.4 14.9 9.0 $13,986
    88 Dominican Republic 0.776 +0.187 73.7 13.6 9.4 $22,024
    88 Guyana 0.776 +0.282 70.2 13.0 8.7 $46,959
    88 Sri Lanka 0.776 +0.138 77.5 13.1 10.8 $12,616
    91 Tonga 0.769 +0.128 72.9 17.8 10.9 $7,438
    92 Maldives 0.766 – 81.0 12.8 7.4 $19,317
    92 Vietnam 0.766 +0.267 74.6 15.5 9.0 $13,033
    94 Turkmenistan 0.764 – 70.1 13.2 11.2 $17,716
    95 Algeria 0.763 +0.168 76.3 15.5 7.4 $15,114
    96 Cuba 0.762 +0.075 78.1 13.9 10.6 $8,415
    97 Dominica 0.761 – 71.1 14.2 10.1 $16,001
    98 Paraguay 0.756 +0.149 73.8 14.0 8.9 $15,252
    99 Egypt 0.754 +0.182 71.6 13.1 10.1 $16,218
    99 Jordan 0.754 +0.135 77.8 13.1 10.2 $9,222
    101 Lebanon 0.752 – 77.8 11.7 10.4 $11,299
    102 Saint Lucia 0.748 +0.065 72.7 12.7 8.6 $20,900
    103 Mongolia 0.747 +0.154 71.7 13.6 9.4 $14,787
    104 Tunisia 0.746 +0.177 76.5 14.7 7.6 $12,011
    105 South Africa 0.741 +0.108 66.1 13.8 11.6 $13,694
    106 Uzbekistan 0.740 – 72.4 12.5 11.9 $8,826
    107 Bolivia 0.733 +0.181 68.6 15.6 10.0 $9,445
    107 Gabon 0.733 +0.112 68.3 12.5 9.7 $18,854
    107 Marshall Islands 0.733 – 66.9 16.4 11.6 $7,224
    110 Botswana 0.731 +0.141 69.2 11.4 10.5 $16,984
    110 Fiji 0.731 +0.102 67.3 13.8 10.4 $12,843
    112 Indonesia 0.728 +0.197 71.1 13.3 8.7 $13,700
    113 Suriname 0.722 – 73.6 11.0 8.4 $17,344
    114 Belize 0.721 +0.104 73.6 12.0 8.8 $12,343
    114 Libya 0.721 +0.031 69.3 12.9 7.8 $19,831
    116 Jamaica 0.720 +0.058 71.5 12.4 10.0 $10,057
    116 Kyrgyzstan 0.720 +0.071 71.7 12.7 12.1 $6,078
    116 Philippines 0.720 +0.127 69.8 12.8 10.0 $10,731
    119 Morocco 0.710 +0.259 75.3 15.1 6.2 $8,653
    120 Venezuela 0.709 +0.051 72.5 13.0 9.7 $7,157
    121 Samoa 0.708 – 71.7 12.4 11.3 $5,952
    122 Nicaragua 0.706 +0.191 74.9 11.5 9.9 $6,881
    123 Nauru 0.703 – 62.1 12.8 9.4 $19,642
    124 Bhutan 0.698 – 73.0 13.2 5.8 $13,843
    125 Eswatini 0.695 +0.125 64.1 15.2 8.7 $9,919
    125 Iraq 0.695 +0.164 72.3 12.4 6.8 $12,654
    127 Tajikistan 0.691 – 71.8 10.8 11.3 $5,747
    128 Tuvalu 0.689 +0.123 67.1 12.4 10.8 $7,006
    129 Bangladesh 0.685 +0.288 74.7 12.3 6.8 $8,498
    129 India 0.685 +0.239 72.0 13.0 6.9 $9,047
    131 El Salvador 0.678 +0.155 72.1 11.1 7.3 $10,595
    132 Equatorial Guinea 0.674 – 63.7 12.5 8.3 $12,762
    132 Palestine 0.674 – 65.2 13.0 10.1 $6,547
    134 Cape Verde 0.668 – 76.1 11.4 6.1 $8,165
    135 Namibia 0.665 +0.068 67.4 11.8 7.3 $10,917
    136 Guatemala 0.662 +0.163 72.6 10.7 5.8 $12,459
    137 Republic of the Congo 0.649 +0.076 65.8 12.7 8.3 $5,903
    138 Honduras 0.645 +0.129 72.9 10.2 7.5 $6,065
    139 Kiribati 0.644 – 66.5 11.9 9.1 $4,947
    140 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.637 – 69.7 12.9 6.0 $5,583
    141 East Timor 0.634 – 67.7 13.3 6.2 $5,435
    142 Ghana 0.628 +0.196 65.5 11.4 7.1 $6,846
    142 Kenya 0.628 +0.143 63.6 11.5 8.6 $5,608
    144 Nepal 0.622 +0.218 70.4 13.8 4.5 $4,726
    145 Vanuatu 0.621 – 71.5 11.8 7.2 $3,404
    146 Laos 0.617 +0.208 69.0 9.6 6.1 $8,106
    147 Angola 0.616 – 64.6 12.2 6.0 $6,631
    148 Federated States of Micronesia 0.615 – 67.2 11.5 7.3 $4,246
    149 Myanmar 0.609 +0.262 66.9 11.5 6.4 $4,919
    150 Cambodia 0.606 +0.219 70.7 11.2 5.2 $4,931
    151 Comoros 0.603 – 66.8 13.3 6.0 $3,481
    152 Zimbabwe 0.598 +0.098 62.8 11.1 8.9 $3,511
    153 Zambia 0.595 +0.173 66.3 11.0 7.4 $3,447
    154 Cameroon 0.588 +0.140 63.7 10.8 6.6 $4,746
    155 Solomon Islands 0.584 – 70.5 11.3 5.9 $2,777
    156 Ivory Coast 0.582 +0.193 61.9 11.4 4.9 $6,735
    156 Uganda 0.582 +0.240 68.3 11.6 6.3 $2,736
    158 Rwanda 0.578 – 67.8 12.6 4.9 $2,971
    159 Papua New Guinea 0.576 +0.173 66.1 11.5 5.0 $3,971
    160 Togo 0.571 +0.159 62.7 13.1 5.9 $2,856
    161 Syria 0.564 -0.008 72.1 7.4 5.9 $3,918
    162 Mauritania 0.563 +0.167 68.5 7.9 4.9 $6,267
    163 Nigeria 0.560 +0.181 54.5 10.5 7.6 $5,569
    164 Tanzania 0.555 +0.174 67.0 8.6 6.1 $3,515
    165 Haiti 0.554 +0.093 64.9 10.9 5.4 $2,935
    166 Lesotho 0.550 +0.067 57.4 11.0 7.7 $3,029
    167 Pakistan 0.544 +0.148 67.6 7.9 4.3 $5,501
    168 Senegal 0.530 +0.153 68.7 9.1 2.9 $4,202
    169 The Gambia 0.524 +0.193 65.9 9.0 4.7 $2,812
    170 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.522 +0.134 61.9 10.9 7.4 $1,431
    171 Malawi 0.517 +0.211 67.4 9.9 5.2 $1,634
    172 Benin 0.515 +0.164 60.8 10.4 3.2 $3,806
    173 Guinea-Bissau 0.514 – 64.1 10.6 3.7 $2,403
    174 Djibouti 0.513 – 66.0 6.2 4.0 $6,368
    175 Sudan 0.511 – 66.3 8.6 4.0 $2,810
    176 Liberia 0.510 – 62.2 10.5 6.2 $1,538
    177 Eritrea 0.503 – 68.6 7.3 5.1 $2,029
    178 Guinea 0.500 +0.218 60.7 10.4 2.5 $3,494
    179 Ethiopia 0.497 – 67.3 9.2 2.4 $2,796
    180 Afghanistan 0.496 +0.211 66.0 10.8 2.5 $1,972
    181 Mozambique 0.493 +0.247 63.6 10.8 4.6 $1,356
    182 Madagascar 0.487 – 63.6 9.1 4.6 $1,656
    183 Yemen 0.470 +0.111 69.3 7.5 5.5 $1,018
    184 Sierra Leone 0.467 +0.154 61.8 9.1 3.5 $1,714
    185 Burkina Faso 0.459 – 61.1 8.7 2.3 $2,391
    186 Burundi 0.439 +0.145 63.7 9.8 3.5 $859
    187 Mali 0.419 +0.179 60.4 7.0 1.6 $2,342
    187 Niger 0.419 +0.204 61.2 8.3 1.4 $1,590
    189 Chad 0.416 – 55.1 8.3 2.3 $1,748
    190 Central African Republic 0.414 +0.072 57.4 7.4 4.0 $1,100
    191 Somalia 0.404 – 58.8 7.5 1.9 $1,475
    192 South Sudan 0.388 – 57.6 5.6 5.7 $688
    – Monaco – – 86.4 21.7 – –
    – North Korea – – 73.6 12.2 – –

    192 states with an HDI. Life expectancy, schooling and income (gross national income per capita, 2021 PPP dollars) are the values the UNDP uses for the HDI. Source: UNDP, Human Development Report (CC BY 3.0 IGO).

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